Kyphosis in children: Symptoms, causes, and treatment methods

Kyphosis is a disorder that can affect quality of life from an early age. It is characterized by excessive curvature of the spine in the sagittal plane, leading to serious postural problems that can interfere with daily functioning. This pathology, although often mistakenly considered to be solely an aesthetic problem, is in fact associated with a variety of health complications. Therefore, it is important to know: what kyphosis is, what its causes and symptoms are, and how to treat it.

In this article:

• Kyphosis – what is it?
• Symptoms of kyphosis
• Causes of kyphosis
• What treatment methods are used for kyphosis?
• Summary

Kyphosis – what is it?

Kyphosis is a backward curvature of the spine that occurs in the thoracic and lumbar regions. A physiological curvature of 20-40 degrees is considered normal. However, when the angle of curvature exceeds 50 degrees, we refer to it as a pathological change. We divide it into structural, most common in girls during puberty, and structural. Kyphosis can occur not only in the thoracic region, but also in the cervical and lumbar regions.

Symptoms of kyphosis

In the case of kyphosis, symptoms may vary depending on the severity of the deformity. Initially, these may be limited to visual changes in the child's posture, such as excessive slouching. However, as the condition worsens, back pain may develop. In more severe cases, the symptoms of kyphosis can lead to pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots, resulting in muscle weakness and even neurological disorders. Chest deformity associated with kyphosis can also affect the child's respiratory system.

An active correction test and a lateral X-ray image are used to assess kyphosis in a doctor's office.

Causes of kyphosis

Kyphosis can be caused by both congenital and acquired factors. Congenital kyphosis in children is present at birth, often as a result of vertebral developmental abnormalities – osteogenesis imperfecta. Acquired kyphosis often develops as a result of metabolic or neuromuscular diseases, injuries, or even vertebral fractures resulting from osteoporosis.

What treatment methods are used for kyphosis?

Kyphosis – how to treat it? The answer depends on many factors, including the patient's age and the severity of symptoms. In pediatric orthopedics, a conservative approach is usually preferred, especially in the early stages. This includes physical rehabilitation, the use of a corset, and posture correction exercises. Physical therapy is used to strengthen the muscles that support the spine. In cases where kyphosis is caused by osteoporosis, vitamin D and calcium supplementation is recommended, and in certain situations, hormone replacement therapy is also recommended.

In situations where conservative treatment does not bring the expected results, kyphosis is treated surgically. The most common surgical procedure for treating scoliosis is spinal stabilization using metal rods, screws, and bone grafts. The primary goal of the surgery is to align (straighten) and stiffen the curved vertebrae so that they heal as a single, solid bone.

Summary

Kyphosis in children is a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for modern pediatric orthopedics. Early diagnosis and an appropriate therapeutic approach can significantly improve patients' quality of life and prevent long-term complications. That is why it is so important for parents and caregivers to be aware of the first symptoms and not to delay consulting a kyphosis specialist. Treatment that is started quickly increases the chances of favorable outcomes and minimizes the risk of chronic health problems.